Before going to the reasons to use GraphQL
What exactly GraphQL is ??? 👇 


## 1. What is GraphQL


An open-source query language created by Facebook

Alternative to the REST architecture

Only one endpoint to fetch all kinds of data from server-side

Operation is either a query (reading), mutation (writing), or subscription (continuous reading)


## 2. Less Time & Bandwidth


Uses single query call

Decreasing the number of network round trips to the server

Save waterfall network request


## 3. Strongly Typed Schema


Developers are getting many benefits that are unconceivable with schemaless APIs

GraphQL schemas can be written in the simple & expressive GraphQL Schema Definition Language (SDL)

Schema clearly defines the operations supported by the API


## 4. No Versioning needed


The resource URL or address remains the same

You can add new fields & deprecate older fields

The client receives a deprecation warning when querying a deprecated field


## 5. Easy documentation


Documentation for GraphQL API lives side by side with the code that contains it

Can generate accurate & up to date documentation for any changes

With GraphQL’s introspection feature, query the schema explore its contents & documentation


## 6. Amazing community


Initially when GraphQL was launched, the only doc was graphql-js

But now we have various languages & tonnes of GraphQL clients

Many small or big communities are using GraphQL in production


## 7. No Over-Fetching or Under-Fetching


With GraphQL, developers can fetch only what is required

Over-fetching happen when you only want one field but getting many

Under-fetching means not getting related field what we need

GraphQL query give exactly what you need


## 8. GraphQL is protocol agnostic


GraphQL does not depends on any HTTP methods or HTTP response codes

This makes GraphQL super simple to understand and use

It does not depends on any HTTP protocol


## 9. GraphQL Introspection


Introspection makes it possible to get GraphQL schema from the GraphQL API

It is best for auto generating API documentation

Introspection is best for mocking the GraphQL schema while testing


## 10. GraphQL is for all


It is an Open Specification rather than any software

Not tied to any language, environment or database

It decrease the code complexity with its simple queries


## 11. Liked this thread

Subscribe to my newsletter
https://bitfumes.com/newsletters

Hit follow button for more content like this

Sarthak Shrivastava

10 Reason to use GraphQL

These browser extensions will blow your mind
Some are extremely useful and some are fun to have

## 1. Bypass Paywalls Chrome


Bypass Paywalls is a web browser extension to help bypass paywalls for selected sites

It can bypass paywall for quora, medium, glassdoor, bloomberg and many many more websites

You need developer mode ON to use this extension

Link 👇 
[https://github.com/iamadamdev/bypass-paywalls-chrome](https://github.com/iamadamdev/bypass-paywalls-chrome)

## 2. Headless Recorder


A Chrome extension that records your browser interactions

And generates a Playwright/Puppeteer script

Automate your entire browser interaction and tweek the script to do more

Link 👇 
[https://www.checklyhq.com/docs/headless-recorder/](https://www.checklyhq.com/docs/headless-recorder/)



## 3. Dark Reader


It generate a dark mode that aims to reduce the eyestrain of the user

It is feature-rich and can be configured in many ways throughout the UI

Link 👇 
[https://darkreader.org](https://darkreader.org)


## 4. cVim


 Vim for Google Chrome

Control your browser with your keyboard only

Configure keybinding for every task

link 👇
[https://github.com/1995eaton/chromium-vim](https://github.com/1995eaton/chromium-vim)


## 5. Octotree


 GitHub on steroids

 Awesome code review & exploring

Quick pull request navigation

Tree-based file filtering

Multi-tab support

22 syntax themes

Link 👇 
[https://www.octotree.io](https://www.octotree.io)



## 6. Enhanced GitHub


Displays repo size

Displays each file size for every active branch

Show download link for each file

Copy file's contents directly to Clipboard

Link 👇 
[https://github.com/softvar/enhanced-github](https://github.com/softvar/enhanced-github)


## 7. Google Unlocked


It unlocks hidden google search results

scans hidden search results that were censored by Google due to complaints

Only manual installation available

Link 👇 
[https://github.com/Ibit-to/google-unlocked](https://github.com/Ibit-to/google-unlocked)



## 8. Refined Hacker News


adds useful features and tweaks a few stuff on Hacker News to make the experience better

without changing the look and feel

Link 👇 
[https://github.com/plibither8/refined-hacker-news](https://github.com/plibither8/refined-hacker-news)


## 9. Treeverse


Treeverse is a tool for visualizing and navigating Twitter conversation threads

Open Twitter and click on the tweet that you would like to visualize the conversation 

Link 👇 
[https://github.com/paulgb/Treeverse](https://github.com/paulgb/Treeverse)



## 10. KeyFinder


Searches the DOM for any embedded script link, as script tag may contain keys for specific API(such as Google maps API) 

You can add keywords to search for it at any website you visit

Link 👇 
[https://github.com/momenbasel/KeyFinder](https://github.com/momenbasel/KeyFinder)


## Liked this article

Subscribe to my newsletter https://bitfumes.com/newsletters

Follow me for more content

10 magical Chrome extensions for developers

Always ask yourself why you are using any git command

Here consider `main` branch is `production` branch

OK ready ??? 
Let's make your git experience on amazing Down pointing backhand index 

## 1. Never push into main branch

Always create new branch & make a Pull Request (PR) to main/master branch
In this way, your main/master branch stay safe
And your code will get pushed only after review from team member

## 2. Always have protection on Main branch

Set a rule that no one can directly push to main
Main will progress only with the merge of clean PR
It protects your production branches from receiving unexpected and irreversible changes

## 3. Always pull first 

Make a habit of `git pull` before creating any new branch
This will make your work sync with the latest changes
Otherwise you may have conflict with other files

## 4. Write good commit messages

A commit message is your overview of the work
Write a descriptive but short commit message
Always write what feature do, not what you have done
today I have completed blog store part Cross mark 
an admin can create a blog White heavy check mark

## 5. Never irritate PR reviewer

A person who review your PR is helping you and the team
Work in small batches
Always think "how you can minimise reviewer work"
Add comment on your PR where you think any explanation needed
Never push unwanted changes

##  6. Never push unnecessary changes

Do not push any changes in format like space or empty new line
Remove any unused variable or comment is not needed
Do not leave any log anywhere or any empty file

## 7. Work in small batches

If you work on small task, you feel the completion
Easily track your progress
Easy to review your PR
Always on Continuous Development (CI / CD)
Any error can be tracked very early

## 8. Always review your own changes before pushing

When you finished your task, try to see your own changes diff
This way you are looking for any unwanted changes
You may find any mistake you can correct on the fly
Make sure you have not changed any other code

## 9. Never push any lock file if not package is installed

Everyone uses different environment
If no new package is installed, you should not push your lock file
For example: if you just run "npm install", you have package-lock.json file
never push this to PR

## 10. Add any screenshot for UI changes

This one seems not very useful but it is
When you add UI changes screenshot, reviewer quickly get the idea what your code will do
You can point to the changes you done on UI on the screenshot

## Liked this post 

subscribe to bitfumes newsletter https://bitfumes.com/newsletters 
Follow me on twitter [@Sarthaksavvy](https://twitter.com/sarthaksavvy)

10 Best Practices to use GIT on team

Follow these best practices to make your queries faster and efficient

Note: Please research more about each topic before applying

Thread 🧵 


### 🦋 1. Add Index key columns 🔥 🔥 🔥

🔸 Always index columns that you plan on searching on
🔸 Index the columns which are used in JOIN clauses so that the query returns the result fast
🔸 Do not use Index for many column, it will slow the Insert or Update


### 🦋 2. LIMIT 1 When Getting a Unique Row 🔥 🔥 🔥

🔸Adding LIMIT 1 to your query can increase performance
🔸Reduces execution time because the database engine will stop scanning for records after it finds the first match


### 🦋 3. Always use proper datatype 🔥 🔥 🔥

🔸If you use irrelevant datatypes it may consume more space or may lead to errors
🔸MySQL query optimizer will choose the indexes based on data type you used in query


### 🦋 4.  Use SELECT * only if needed 🔥 🔥 🔥

🔸If there are many columns in the table, all will get returned which will slow down the response time
🔸Particularly if you send the result to a front-end application
🔸Do this instead: SELECT (name,email) ... only


### 🦋 5. Normalize your data and use joins 🔥 🔥 🔥

🔸Database normalization is the process of organizing columns and tables in relational database to avoid redundancy
🔸This will reduce the column or table and improve the performance



### 🦋 6. Use CHAR (1) over VARCHAR(1) 🔥 🔥 🔥

🔸If you string a single character, use CHAR(1) instead of VARCHAR(1)
🔸VARCHAR(1) will take extra byte to store information



### 🦋 7. Log queries in development 🔥 🔥 🔥

🔸It is great to see queries happening in real-time
🔸You will get any error raised behind the scene and you can fix them
🔸It can help you a lot while you are developing.


### 🦋 8. Avoid using regional date formats 🔥 🔥 🔥

🔸Use DATETIME or DATE datatype always use YYYY-MM-DD date format or ISO date format 
🔸This will store exact time and later on your code you can change it as you want


### 🦋 9. Always try to avoid redundancy 🔥 🔥 🔥
🔸Best database is considered as the one with low or no redundancy
🔸Normalize your database schema to avoid redundency


### 🦋 10. Always use ID of any column to refer on another table 🔥 🔥 🔥

🔸Connecting tables with IDs like blog_user table connect blog & user table with just 2 fields "user_id" and "blog_id"
🔸Add foreign key on these fields to refer to original table

### 🦋 Liked this post
subscribe to bitfumes newsletter https://bitfumes.com/newsletters
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10 Best practices in MySQL

AWS is the best cloud platform. 
But it is very essential to use AWS in a proper way to avoid high billing and better control

##  1. Create a billing alarm

AWS has pay-per-use pricing model for all of its services.
For example, if you launch an EC2 instance, you have to pay for it per hour.

Unwanted costs may occur if you forget to terminate unused instances or delete data from S3 that you no longer needed.

To avoid an unexpected billing amount on your AWS monthly invoice you should create a billing alarm.
A billing alert will send you a notification if the costs for the current month exceed your limit.

## 2.  Enable CloudTrail to track every API call from AWS

AWS CloudTrail is a service that enables governance, compliance, operational auditing, and risk auditing of your AWS account.
This means you can use CloudTrail to track every call to the AWS API.
Whenever you or one of your team members changes your cloud infrastructure a log event is stored. 

You can use CloudTrail to detect unusual activity in your AWS accounts.

## 3. Enable MFA for root user and always use IAM user

Use of Multi Factor Authentication adds another security layer on your AWS account.

Since your root user has all the access to every part of your AWS account from launching virtual machines to deleting databases.

In other words, your root user is an easy target for all kinds of attack.

The very first thing you must do is enable MultiFactor-Authentication (MFA) for your root user.
You can use a virtual device (like Google Authenticator App on your mobile) or a hardware token.

## 4. Always allow limited permissions to an IAM user

As you already know, the root user of AWS has all the access so it is recommended that you never use root user for any project.

Then you should create IAM user for performing any task on AWS account.
But if you allow all the access to IAM user then it make no sense to create IAM user.

It is highly recommended that you give limited permission
For example, if you wants a user to read files from your S3 bucket then only provide **read only access**
Never give full S3 access to your IAM user
You can later add any other permission as required

## 5. Always try to automate repetitive

One of the biggest advantages of using AWS is that the it's API allows you to automate almost every part of your AWS infrastructure

Automation not only just saves your time but also makes you more productive and stress-free.

You should aim for automation to get the most out of AWS (try AWS CloudFormation). 



👋 Enjoyed this article? 
Reach out in the comments below or on  [Twitter](https://twitter.com/sarthaksavvy) to let me know what you think of it.

5 must do tips for better use of Amazon Web Services

Since the announcement of Copilot, I got many emails and Twitter DM about the fear of losing Job
Let's see why this GitHub Copilot will not steal your job

## 👉 What is GitHub Copilot
It is an AI-based pair programmer
Simply saying, it is a bot that helps you or completes your code for any language

It can really write code from your comment, function name, or based on other code
It can also suggest comment completion based on other comments and code

## 👉 What is the issue ?
Although it is an amazing thing like a magic tool programmers fear loosing their job since Copilot can write code

## 👉 If Copilot is that good, do we really need a Programmer?
This is just the beginning, as Github train Copilot with more codes, it will perfectly complete/write code for any program
And yes in the near future writing code will not be the job of Humans
So yes we will need fewer coders

## 👉 Does it really Steal your Job?
Let's come to the real question.
And if you think your job is to write code then YES it is a time to fear

Above I wrote coders instead of Programmer, why because coders write Code but a Programmer solve the bug, put logic, collaborate with the team, brainstorm on the best possible solution, and basically A Programmers job is much more than just writing a code

Tell me one thing, why you didn't fear when VSCode autocompletes your code or suggest the best file to import.

This is just a level-up thing for autocompletion.

**Be a Programmer, not a Coder**

If you have any different views on this, please email me at sarthak@bitfumes.com or DM me on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/sarthaksavvy) here

Why Copilot will not steal your Job

1️⃣ Blockchain Essentials

2️⃣ Blockchain By IBM

3️⃣ Blockchain And Deep Learning: Future Of AI

4️⃣ Bitcoin And Cryptocurrency Technologies

5️⃣ Bitcoin And Cryptocurrencies

6️⃣ Introduction To Cryptocurrencies And Blockchain

7️⃣ Introduction To Hyperledger Blockchain Technologies

8️⃣ Blockchain Theory 101

9️⃣ Introduction To Enterprise Blockchain 

🔟 The Complete Course On Understanding Blockchain Technology

## 1️⃣ Blockchain by IBM

https://developer.ibm.com/technologies/blockchain/gettingstarted

Fundamentals
how to build basic Blockchain applications
how to secure Blockchain solutions
understand Hyperledger fabric
how to demystify Hyperledger fabric

## 2️⃣ Blockchain Essentials

https://cognitiveclass.ai/courses/blockchain-course

The video lectures in this course help you learn about blockchain for business and explore key use cases that demonstrate how the technology adds value.

## 3️⃣ Blockchain and Deep Learning: Future of AI

https://www.udemy.com/course/blockchain-and-deep-learning-future-of-ai

This course provides a conceptual overview and technical summary of the two top job growth areas worldwide: blockchain technology and deep learning.

## 4️⃣ Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Technologies

https://www.coursera.org/learn/cryptocurrency

How does Bitcoin work?
What makes Bitcoin different?
How anonymous are Bitcoin users?
What determines the price of Bitcoins?
Can cryptocurrencies be regulated?

## 5️⃣ Bitcoin and Cryptocurrencies

https://www.edx.org/course/bitcoin-and-cryptocurrencies

Learn the fundamentals of Bitcoin and the Cryptocurrency space, including the basics of smart contracts, the Ethereum platform and how to build decentralized applications.

## 6️⃣ Introduction to Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain

https://www.udemy.com/course/introduction-to-cryptocurrencies/

An Introduction to Cryptocurrencies: Get a functional and economic understanding of this new radical technology.


## 7️⃣ Introduction to Hyperledger Blockchain Technologies

https://www.edx.org/course/introduction-to-hyperledger-blockchain-technologie

Describe Business Blockchain & Distributed Ledger Technologies
Gain familiarity with Hyperledger projects & cross-industryuse cases


## 8️⃣ Blockchain Theory 101

https://www.udemy.com/course/blockchain-theory-101

The current status of blockchain technology
Potential applications in financial services
Logistics, healthcare, energy, and IoT, as well as next steps regarding its deployment


## 9️⃣ Introduction to Enterprise Blockchain

https://academy.101blockchains.com/courses/blockchain-crash-course

Course on enterprise blockchains 
gives you the unique opportunity to appreciate the extraordinary impact that blockchain technology has on enterprise business


## 🔟 The Complete Course On Understanding Blockchain Technology

https://www.udemy.com/course/understanding-blockchain-technology/

Clear understanding on how Blockchain technology works
Able to have conversations on the topic of Blockchain
Learn the future of Blockchain

Sarthak

Top 10 Free Resources To Learn Blockchain

1. Redux
2. MobX
3. Recoil
4. Akita
5. Hookstate
6. React Query
7. Eazy Peazy
8. Zustand
9. xState
10. Flux
11. Overmind
12. effector

## 1. React Redux
https://github.com/reduxjs/react-redux
https://react-redux.js.org/

- Maintained by the Redux team
- Designed to work with React's component model. 
- Enable your components to interact with the Redux store
- complex performance optimizations

## 2. MobX
https://github.com/mobxjs/mobx
https://mobx.js.org

A battle tested library that makes state management simple & scalable

The philosophy behind MobX is simple:
- Straightforward
- Effortless optimal rendering
- Architectural freedom

## 3. Recoil
https://github.com/facebookexperimental/Recoil
https://recoiljs.org/

- Minimal and Reactish
- Data-Flow Graph
- Cross-App Observation

Demo : https://youtube.com/watch?v=_ISAA_Jt9kI

## 4. Akita
https://github.com/datorama/akita/
https://datorama.github.io/akita/

Reactive State Management Tailor-Made for JS Apps

- Built on top of RxJS
- Uses object-oriented design principles instead of functional programming
- Saves hassle of creating boilerplate code

## 5. Hookstate
https://github.com/avkonst/hookstate
https://hookstate.js.org/

Simple but incredibly fast and flexible state management that is based on React state hook

- First-class Typescript
- Incredibly Fast
- Feature Rich
- Development Tools
- Plugins System
- Easy to Use

## 6. React Query
https://github.com/tannerlinsley/react-query
https://react-query.tanstack.com/

Performant and powerful data synchronization for React

Fetch, cache and update data in your React and React Native applications all without touching any "global state".

## 7. Eazy Peazy
https://github.com/ctrlplusb/easy-peasy

An abstraction of Redux, providing a reimagined API that focuses on developer experience

- Zero configuration
- No boilerplate
- React hooks based API
- Extensive TypeScript support
- Encapsulate data fetching

## 8. Zustand
Live Demo: https://codesandbox.io/s/dazzling-moon-itop4
https://github.com/pmndrs/zustand

Small, fast and scaleable bearbones state-management solution. 
Has a comfy api based on hooks, isn't boilerplatey or opinionated
Still just enough to be explicit and flux-like

## 9. XState
https://github.com/davidkpiano/xstate
https://xstate.js.org/docs/

XState is a library for creating, interpreting, and executing finite state machines and statecharts, as well as managing invocations of those machines as actors. 

- Finite State Machines
- Statecharts

## 10. Flux
https://github.com/facebook/flux
https://facebook.github.io/flux/

Flux is the application architecture that Facebook uses for building client-side web applications.

It complements React's composable view components by utilizing a unidirectional data flow.

## 11. Overmind
https://overmindjs.org/
https://github.com/cerebral/overmind

Overmind aims for a developer experience where that is all you focus on, reducing the orchestration of state management to a minimum. Making you a happier and more productive developer!

## 12. Effector
https://effector.dev/
https://github.com/effector/effector

**Type Safe**
TypeScript and Flow support out of box.

**Framework agnostic**
Can work with any UI or server framework.

**Developer-friendly**
Simple API surface and helpful community.

**Maximum performance**
Static initialization provides boost in performance for runtime.

**Tiny bundle size**
Effector uses Rollup and Terser to provide small builds.

**Plain javascript**
No decorators, no proxies, no classes required. Only you and your data.


## Follow for more content
Hope you like this list, follow me on twitter for more amazing content [@sarthaksavvy](https://twitter.com/sarthaksavvy)

12 React State Management Tool

1. Semantic UI
2. Material UI Kit
3. Ant Design
4. Storybook
5. Shards React
6. Material UI
7.  React Bootstrap
8. Blueprint
9. Onsen UI for React
10. Evergreen UI
11. Chakra UI
12. Tailwind React UI



## 1. Semantic UI
https://react.semantic-ui.com

Semantic UI React is the official React integration for Semantic UI

* jQuery Free
* Declarative API
* Augmentation
* Shorthand Props
* Sub Components
* Auto Controlled State

## 2. Material UI Kit
https://demos.creative-tim.com/material-kit-react/#/

This kit have many basic elements such as buttons, badges, sliders, menu, pagination, navigation bars, tabs and pills.


## 3. Ant Design
https://ant.design/docs/react/introduce

This React UI library is a design system for enterprise-level products. 

It’s based on the Ant Design project and contains a set of high quality components and demos for building rich, interactive UIs.



## 4. Storybook
https://storybook.js.org

Storybook is an open source tool for developing UI components 

Written in isolation for React, Vue, Angular, and more. 

It makes building stunning UIs organized and efficient.

## 5. Shards React
https://designrevision.com/downloads/shards-react/

A high-quality & free React UI kit featuring a modern design system with dozens of custom components.

## 6. Material UI
https://material-ui.com

React components for faster and easier web development. 

Build your own design system, or start with Material Design


## 7. React Bootstrap
https://react-bootstrap.github.io

The most popular front-end framework

Rebuilt for React



## 8. Blueprint 
https://blueprintjs.com

A react based UI kit for React


## 9. Onsen UI for React
https://onsen.io/react/

Create beautiful high-quality hybrid mobile apps the fastest way
with React and Onsen UI.

## 10. Evergreen UI
https://evergreen.segment.com

Evergreen is a React UI Framework for building ambitious products on the web. Brought to you by Segment.

## 11. Chakra UI
https://chakra-ui.com/

Chakra UI is a simple, modular and accessible component library that gives you the building blocks you need to build your React applications.

**Less code. More speed**
Spend less time writing UI code and more time building a great experience for your customers.

## 12. Tailwind React UI
https://emortlock.github.io/tailwind-react-ui/

Tailwind React UI provides ready built components that make use of Tailwind CSS utility framework.

If you're unfamiliar with the concepts behind Tailwind you can get an overview at https://tailwindcss.com/docs/what-is-tailwind:

Creating a framework for building custom UIs means you can't provide abstractions at the usual level of buttons, forms, cards, navbars, etc. Instead, Tailwind provides highly composable, low-level utility classes that make it easy to build complex user interfaces.

Tailwind React UI leverages these utility classes to provide base level components that are common across various projects, whilst still offering the ability to customise the output to match your project's style.

## Follow for more content
Hope you like this list, follow me on twitter for more amazing content [@sarthaksavvy](https://twitter.com/sarthaksavvy)

12 Amazing React UI Library or Frameworks

# Laravel 5.8 - 21 important update you should care about.
**Laravel 5.8 is now released and this release has many many improvements, addition and some breaking changes.**


### I. Major Upgrade or Breaking Changes

1. Caching TTL
2. Deprecated Helper Functions
3. Dotenv 3.0
4. Carbon version 2
5. Notifications Package
7. Testing PHPUnit 8
8. Password Length

### II. Improvements

1. Error Page
2. Artisan Call Improvements
3. Email Validation
4. Eloquent Resource Key Preservation
5. Higher Order orWhere Eloquent Method
6. JSON in MYSQL
7. Correct Pluralisation
8. Mock / Spy Testing Helper Methods

### III. New Addition

1. Artisan Serve Improvements
2. Auto-Discovery Of Model Policies
3. HasOneThrough Relationship
4. Token Guard Token Hashing
5. Default Scheduler Timezone
6. Multiple Broadcast Authentication Guards


## Caching TTL
Caching in previous laravel versions was set with time in minutes.
So if you have given any integer to cache methods then that was considered as time in minutes.

With laravel 5.8, that is directly converted to seconds for more precise and concise setting of cache timing.
So make sure you will change that time from minutes to seconds.

```php
// Laravel 5.7 - Store item for 5 minutes...
Cache::put('foo', 'bar', 5);

// Laravel 5.8 - Store item for 5 seconds...
Cache::put('foo', 'bar', 5);
```

## Deprecated Helper Functions
All array_* and str_* global helpers have been deprecated.
This means from laravel 5.9 there will be no longer available.

But don't worry about this removal as for now you can easily use there functions using `Illuminate\Support\Arr` and `Illuminate\Support\Str` methods directly.

And after laravel 5.8 they will be packed in a separate package.

## Dotenv 3.0
Laravel 5.8 is now ships with PHP dotenv 3.0 which includes the many new features.

1. No trimming of values from .env file, you get them exactly as-is now. so spaced are also considered.
2. Support for multi-line variables.
3. Accept a list of paths to try in order looking for the dotenv file, rather than a single path.
4. Stronger validation of variable names to avoid silent failures or obscure errors

Check out [PHP dotenv 3.0](https://github.com/vlucas/phpdotenv/releases/tag/v3.0.0) github release notes.

## Notifications Package
This is a major change to be considered. 
With laravel 5.8, slack notification and nexmo notification is now moved to dedicated first-party package and no longer is a part of laravel core component.
Now you need to install these via composer.

```php 
composer require laravel/nexmo-notification-channel
composer require laravel/slack-notification-channel
```

## Testing PHPUnit 8
By default, Laravel 5.8 uses PHPUnit 7. 
However, you may optionally upgrade to PHPUnit 8, which requires PHP >= 7.2. 
To this change, The setUp and tearDown methods now require a void return type:

```php
protected function setUp(): void
protected function tearDown(): void
```

## Carbon version 2
Laravel 5.8 can able to use either Carbon v1 or Carbon v2, including the ability to use CarbonImmutable, and even make CarbonImmutable the default. 
Localization has changed quite a bit in Carbon v2, with much better internationalization support offered than v1. 
Learn more about [Carbon 2.0](https://carbon.nesbot.com/docs/#api-carbon-2)


## New Default Password Length
The required password length when choosing or resetting a password was changed to at least [eight characters](https://github.com/laravel/framework/pull/25957).


## Mock/Spy Testing Helper Methods
Mocking any class in laravel is now even more simpler. check this demo.

```php
// Laravel 5.7
$this->instance(Stripe::class, Mockery::mock(Stripe::class, function ($mock) {
    $mock->shouldReceive('charge')->once();
}));

// Laravel 5.8
$this->mock(Stripe::class, function ($mock) {
    $mock->shouldReceive('charge')->once();
});
```

## Artisan Serve Improvements
Until now with laravel previous versions,
Artisan's serve command would serve your application on port  8000.
So, if another serve command to start a server started, an attempt to serve a second application via serve would fail. 
But now in Laravel 5.8, serve will now scan for available ports up to port 8002 and will serve multiple applications at once.



## Auto-Discovery Of Model Policies
Now with laravel 5.8, you don't have to register your Policies untill they are at their conventional directory which is `aap/policies`.
In addition, the policy name must match the model name and have a `Policy` suffix. So, a `Product` model would correspond to a `ProductPolicy` class.


## HasOneThrough Relationship
ELoquent now support a new type of relationship which is `hasOneThrough` relationship type.

Imagine a scenario when a user has a `Product` model and that product has a `ProductDetail` model,
now with this relationship you can easily get user's product details via `Product` model.

```php
/**
 * Get the product details of user.
 */
public function productDetails()
{
    return $this->hasOneThrough(ProductDetail::class, Product::class);
}
```

## Token Guard Token Hashing
Now with laravel 5.8, you can easily setup your API token system on laravel itself and can store token with SHA-256 hash.
This means you don't have to specifically use laravel passport just for authentication or any jwt package. But if you wish to use any package you are totally free as passport package is there to user.
Learn more at [API authentication documentation.](https://laravel.com/docs/5.8/api-authentication)

## Default Scheduler Timezone
Yes with laravel you can define your timezone for a scheduled task. but if you have many scheduled tasks running and all are using same timezone then it will be repetitive and pain to define same timezone for each scheduled task.

Now comes laravel 5.8 `default scheduler timezone`, 
you may now define a scheduleTimezone method in your `app/Console/Kernel.php` file.

This timezone defined in Kernel file will be attached to every scheduler you have.
In your `app/Console/Kernel.php` 
```php
/**
 * Get the timezone that should be used by default for scheduled events.
 *
 * @return \DateTimeZone|string|null
 */
protected function scheduleTimezone()
{
    return 'Asia/Kolkata';
}
```


## Multiple Broadcast Authentication Guards
Now authenticate private or presence channels with different middlewares, other than the default middleware of the project.

```php
Broadcast::channel('channel'Name, function() {
    // ...
}, ['guards' => ['web', 'admin']])
```

## Artisan Call Improvements
If you want to programmatically call Artisan command then you generally use `Artisan::call` method.
But what if you need to pass some options to the command. Here is a simple way to do so.
```php 
Artisan::call('migrate:install', ['database' => 'foo']);
```

But with laravel 5.8, its just like a command you write on console/terminal. Super easy to define options inline to command.

```php
Artisan::call('migrate:install --database=foo');
```

## Email Validation
Improvement in email validation is added to laravel 5.8.
Previously the email like example@naïve.com was considered as invalid, but now it will pass the email validation and thanks to adoption of `egulias/email-validator` package.


## Higher Order orWhere Eloquent Method
Previously, combining various scoped query with `or` query require a closure to be defined.
```php
// scopeActive and scopeEmailVerified methods defined on the User model...
$users = App\User::emailVerified()->orWhere(function (Builder $query) {
    $query->active();
})->get();
```

But now with laravel 5.8 you don't need that closure anymore.
```php
$users = App\User::emailVerified()->orWhere->active()->get();
```

## Correct Pluralisation
A fix for pluralisation of your Models is corrected in laravel 5.8

in Laravel 5.7,
app\Advice.php will be pluralized as advice only
but app\Customer_advice will be pluralized as customer_advices, which is incorrect.

In laravel 5.8
app\Advice.php will be pluralized as advice only
but app\Customer_advice will be pluralized as customer_advice, which is correct.

## JSON in MYSQL
This is a fix from previous versions where when you store any json data in your database, then query builder will return quoted string `'"hello"'`.
But with laravel 5.8, they will be unquoted which means simple string is returned `'hello'`.


## Eloquent Resource Key Preservation
Previously When we use `eloquent resource collection`, then it will reset the collection's key and simple order will be returned.

But now you can set `preserveKeys` property to your resource class to preserve the keys of your collection.
```php

<?php

namespace App\Http\Resources;

use Illuminate\Http\Resources\Json\JsonResource;

class User extends JsonResource
{
    /**
     * Indicates if the resource's collection keys should be preserved.
     *
     * @var bool
     */
    public $preserveKeys = true;
}
```




## Error Page
Now the error page is looking more modern, minimalistic and cool.

Laravel 5.7 also had nice error pages but that was not suitable for every situation.
A simple error page can be used everywhere.

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